Theoretical relation between water flow rate in a vertical fracture and rock temperature in the surrounding massif

A steady-state analytical solution is given describing the temperature distribution in a homogeneous massif perturbed by cold water flow through a discrete vertical fracture. A relation is derived to express the flow rate in the fracture as a function of the temperature measured in the surrounding rock. These mathematical results can be useful for tunnel drilling as it approaches a vertical cold water bearing structure that induces a thermal anomaly in the surrounding massif. During the tunnel drilling, by monitoring this anomaly along the tunnel axis one can quantify the flow rate in the discontinuity ahead before intersecting the fracture. The cases of the Simplon, Mont Blanc and Gotthard tunnels (Alps) are handled with this approach which shows very good agreement between observed temperatures and the theoretical trend. The flow rates before drilling of the tunnel predicted with the theoretical solution are similar in the Mont Blanc and Simplon cases, as well as the flow rates observed during the drilling. However, the absence of information on hydraulic gradients (before and during drilling) and on fracture specific storage prevents direct predictions of discharge rates in the tunnel

Les circulations d'eau dans les massifs cristallins alpins et leurs relations avec les ouvrages souterrains

The present study has been achieved within the framework of the scientific program AQUALP, supported by the EVIAN Foundation. Its theme is the study of the hydrogeology of the Alpine crystalline. The AQUALP programme consists of two co-coordinated parts : while the "source" part, lead at the Savoy University, studies natural circulation towards springs, the "work" part, which concerns this study, has focused on the interaction between civil engineering works and underground waters. The approach adopted is that of a field study during which water inflows encountered in various Alpine underground works and replaced in their geological contexts were followed up as from the discharge, the physico-chemical and the isotopic chemistry point of view. A tracer test and numerical simulations of underground flows were also undertaken. Main results The summary of the hydrogeological data in the numerous existing underground works allowed to calculate, on the basis of simple analytical solutions, the distribution of the hydraulically conductivity of the massifs crossed. These results show that the deeper one goes the more the hydraulical conductivity decreases. They bring us to specify the thickness of the decompressed zone, i.e. about 500 m. This zone strongly influences the underground flow in these massifs. Presence of mica inhibits the hydraulical conductivity in conferring a more plastic comportment to the rocks during past tectonic phases. The temperature of the water inflows encountered is a complex function of the thickness of the overlying rock and the quantity of waters circulating in the massif. Therefore it constitutes a precious indicator, during the excavating of underground works, of the presence of possible more permeable sections in formations to come. A numerical simulation of such a case has been undertaken and shows the possibility of using this tool to improve the expectation of water inflow in the work. The temperature study as well as the application of the chalcedony geothermometer to the entire of the inflow studied has shown the existence of ascending flow systems, fed by precipitation. Waters circulating in the Alpine massifs have a chemical composition strongly influenced by the reservoir rock. Chemical analyses of major and trace elements have allowed to distinguish waters issued from the various petrographies encountered. One must first of all underline the complementarity of major and trace elements analyses. The discriminating power of these two types of analyses does not apply to the same type of rocks. The major structures hydraulically conductive in crystalline Alpine massifs have been defined. One can mainly quote isolated fractures, strongly fractured and tectonised zones, kakirite zones, the decompressed zone, the down-bending zone, contacts between distinctive hydrogeological units and large metasedimentary structures. Hydraulical and physico-chemical characteristics of waters associated to each type of defined structures have been determined. These structures are straightened and induce water circulation close to the vertical, from the surface towards the work. The infiltration zones of waters determined on the basis of the orientation of major structures generally coincides with the altitudes calculated on the basis of isotopic analyses of waters (0-18). Some anomalies have nevertheless been put into evidence. They are mainly relative to circulation in the decompressed zone or in overlying Quatemary beds. Relationship between surface waters (barrier lakes or rivers) and underground works have also been put in evidence on the basis of the interpretation of isotopic results. Numerous water inflows are poor in tritium and attest of the time of transit through to the work in the order of a number of decades, in relation with the weak permeability observed in depth. These waters are often rich in sodium, because of the alteration of silicates contained in rocks. More recent waters have been encountered in shallow depths, in the decompressed zone or in association with a great geological fault. The examples of the interaction between underground works and springs are systematically linked to important water inflows in the works either through a decompressed zone of the massif, or through a particularly transmissive zone connected with the surface. These examples show that in this fissured environment, extremely divided into compartments and anisotropic, the drying up of springs is not linked with the progressive lowering of a water table along side the work but at punctual and localized inflows. A conceptual model of the hydrogeology of the Alpine crystalline is proposed in this study. It is accompanied with an interaction model between a work and the natural middle. It must help the project manager to foresee the water inflows in underground works and to adopt the optimal solution to minimize the impact of the work on water resources

Évaluation des ressources en eau de la Martinique : calcul spatialisé de la pluie efficace et validation à l’échelle du bassin versant

L’évaluation des différents termes du bilan hydrologique à l’échelle d’un bassin versant constitue l’un des points clés de la gestion des ressources en eau, et ce, tout particulièrement dans les régions montagneuses présentant de fortes variations spatiales de la pluviométrie et de l’évapotranspiration. Une méthodologie, basée sur le modèle classique de Thornthwaite, est proposée. Elle prend en compte les différents types de sols, l’occupation des sols ainsi que les effets topographiques et calcule les différents termes du bilan hydrologique (pluie, évapotranspiration, pluie efficace, etc.). L’approche a été mise en oeuvre à l’échelle du kilomètre carré, pour l’ensemble de l’île de la Martinique (1 080 km2), puis validée à l’échelle du bassin versant, en comparant les pluies efficaces calculées avec les débits mesurés aux stations de jaugeage. Malgré l’absence de calage des différents paramètres du modèle, les résultats sont très satisfaisants. Une surestimation de la pluie efficace est néanmoins observée pour la plupart des bassins versants utilisés pour la validation du modèle. Cet écart est attribué à une sous-estimation de l’évapotranspiration potentielle, la plupart des bassins versants comportant une composante forestière significative, non prise en compte dans le modèle.The assessment of the various components of the hydrologic budget at catchment scale represents a key challenge for water resources management. This is especially true for regions characterized by important spatial variability in rainfall or evapotranspiration due, for example, to topographical effects. A methodology, based on the classical Thornthwaite model, is proposed to account for soil types, land cover changes and topographical effects on the main components of the water cycle (rainfall, evapotranspiration and efficient rainfall). The approach is developed for the whole Martinique Island (French West Indies, 1080 km2) using a 1-km2 resolution and validated at catchment scale comparing computed efficient rainfall with measured discharge at several gauging stations. Despite the absence of any calibration of the model parameters, the results are satisfying. A slight overestimation of the efficient rainfall is generally observed for the validation watersheds. This discrepancy is interpreted as an underestimation of potential evapotranspiration as the classical Penman-Montheit formula for grass is used despite the presence of forested areas in most of the watersheds

Computing the drainage discharge and assessing the impacts of tunnels drilled in Hard Rocks

International audienceMost Hard Rocks (HR) are or were exposed to deep weathering processes. It turns out that the hydraulic conductivity of HR is mostly inherited from these weathering processes (Lachassagne et al., 2011): (i) within their permeable Stratiform Fissured Layer (SFL) located below the low hydraulic conductivity unconsolidated weathered layer (saprolite). The thickness of both layers often reaches more than 100 m (Dewandel et al., 2006), (ii) and within the permeable vertical fissured layer developed at the periphery of or within preexisting geological discontinuities (joints, dykes, veins, lithological discontinuities, etc.) (Dewandel et al., 2011, Roques et al., 2012). From this conceptual model, the drainage discharge and the surface hydrogeological (piezometry in wells) and hydrological (discharge of streams) impacts of shallow highway tunnels drilled in a metamorphic series (metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks) intruded by granitic bodies have been forecasted. These tunnels belong to the A89 highway recently opened (2012) in France between Balbigny and La Tour de Salvagny (Monts du Lyonnais, 50 km West of Lyon city). They are up to 4 km long, and their depth below ground level ranges between 0 and 300 m. The method is based on

Introducing economy into suitability mapping of MAR scheme

International audienceDuring phase 1 (desktop study based on available information and data collection) of the course of a MAR project, an analysis of suitability maps is generally done in order to identify the most suitable location for a given MAR scheme. Most of the approaches found in the literature rely on the construction of suitability maps using spatial multi-criteria analysis (SMCA) and focus on the aptitude of the aquifer to store water, the infiltration capacity of soils, the distance from the targeted surface resource or the available space (derived from landuse) necessary for building such a MAR scheme. At this stage of the project, only physical parameters are considered and no economic analysis is ever carried out. The objective of this study is to introduce economy in this first phase by producing a distributed map of total costs of an infiltration basin scheme. Both capital costs (water abstraction, transfer, land acquisition, basin construction) and operational costs (energy, maintenance, monitoring, water pre-treatment) are taken into account. In a first step, an objective of volume to be recharged is defined. A cells grid is applied on the study area and, using a GIS tool the following distributed data are extracted for each cell: (i) Distance D between cell and the nearest surface water point; (ii) Head change H between cell and the nearest surface water point (using DEM); (iii) the soil infiltration rate on the cell (value obtained from permeability maps) and (iv) Land value. Other parameters are not distributed and are then fixed. In a second step, from these parameters and data, a distributed cost function is developed to map the levelised costs of recharged water for a given operating life duration of MAR scheme and discount rate. The cost function is applied for all the surface streams that can be used for recharge purpose. Afterwards, the minimum cost is kept in order to build a map of levelised costs (in €/m3 recharged). The methodology has been applied to a case study (500 km2 area). The cost function can be used in order to illustrate how the various parameters (distance from the surface stream, head difference, pre-treatment cost…) impact the levelised costs. The costs map can be mixed with other types of suitability maps in order to identify the most suitable location for a MAR scheme taking into account economic and financial aspects

A preliminary study of cross correlation between lithology and K airborne radiometry in the Belgian Ardennes

peer reviewe

Impact des changements globaux sur l’alimentation en eau potable de Montpellier Méditerranée Métropole

International audienc

Comparison of climate change impacts on the recharge of two karst systems computing different modelling approaches

International audienceKarst systems constitute aquifers in which infiltration and groundwater flows are generally complex processes and are characterized by limited knowledge in terms of geometry and structure. Nonetheless, they often represent interesting groundwater resources, some of them being subjected to intensive exploitation and others non exploited due to their poor understanding. In the future, it is likely that climate change impact on water resources will increase the interest for such a kind of aquifers due to their strong infiltration and storage capacity, in a broad context of higher water scarcity.The Lez and the Lison karst systems in Southern and Eastern France, respectively, provide 2 examples of such systems of several km² under two contrasted climate conditions, the first one being heavily exploited. This study presents a comparative climate change assessment onboth karst systems. Nine climate scenarios corresponding to the Fourth assessment report of the IPCC (SRES A1B scenario), downscaled using weather-type methods by the CERFACS, have been applied to various recharge modelling approaches, as standard analytical solutions of recharge estimation and soil-water balance models. Results are compared and discussed in order to assess the influence on climate change impacts of i) the climate conditions(geographic location), ii) the groundwater exploitation and iii) the modelling approach